1. This summer was a great success. I think it is mostly because of the concept of "students teaching students."I think this worked because classmates put concepts in their words which helps me.
2. The suggestions I have for tweaking or changing the course are having less lab reports because as much as much as they help enforce a concept, it doesn't really help when we don't understand what we need to do for the lab, which adds confusion to the concept.
3. Another way to enforce science understanding and presentations may be to assign a night where we watch some documentary on Tv and right like a couple of sentences to what we learned and it's significance. Since everyone loves watching Tv, it would be a good way to learn about a concept by doing something we enjoy.
4. I think the blogs are good the way they are. They keep all of our work neat by having different tabs, and its always accessible.
5.Yes, the instructor should check homework on the blogs because it forces the students to actually read the homework assignment, which will help us do better on quizzes and tests.
6. A more creative way to enforce Chemistry consists of doing more projects than tests. This is because some students may be bad test takers, which is a disadvantage to these students. However, I think that tests force us to study and understand what we are learning.
Thursday, July 25, 2013
Wednesday, July 24, 2013
3SCS (p.279) #1,3,6,13 and 3SBS (p.258) #11,12
7/24/13
3SCS (p.279) #1,3,6,13
1. a. Monomer: 1repeating unit
b. Dimer: 2 repeating units
c. Trimer: 3 repeating units
d. Polymer: unlimited
3. Natural polymers: medicines, food additives, cotton, and silk
Synthetic polymers: paint components, fabrics, rubber, and foams
6. The term unsaturated is used to describe the structures of alkenes and alkynes because not all carbon atoms are bonded to their full capacity with four other atoms. And alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
13.
3SBS (p.258) #11,12
11. a. riding a bike: i
b. illuminating a lightbulb: iii
c. producing electricity in a wind-powered generator: i
d. running a gasoline-powered lawn mower: ii
12. The other 75% of the energy is lost to the surrounding as thermal energy, heat.
3SCS (p.279) #1,3,6,13
1. a. Monomer: 1repeating unit
b. Dimer: 2 repeating units
c. Trimer: 3 repeating units
d. Polymer: unlimited
3. Natural polymers: medicines, food additives, cotton, and silk
Synthetic polymers: paint components, fabrics, rubber, and foams
6. The term unsaturated is used to describe the structures of alkenes and alkynes because not all carbon atoms are bonded to their full capacity with four other atoms. And alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
13.
3SBS (p.258) #11,12
11. a. riding a bike: i
b. illuminating a lightbulb: iii
c. producing electricity in a wind-powered generator: i
d. running a gasoline-powered lawn mower: ii
12. The other 75% of the energy is lost to the surrounding as thermal energy, heat.
Tuesday, July 23, 2013
Blog Question
Fossil fuels vs. alternative energy. How do hybrid vehicles help our planet? Electric vehicles?
Fossil fuels are our primary energy supply and consist of coil, oil, and natural gases. Fossil fuels are also nonrenewable. Therefore, we need alternative energy, which is energy produced from sources other than fossil fuels. Hybrids help our planet because they consist of both gasoline burning engines as well as a battery-powered electric motor. The batteries are recharged while driving, through conversion of the car's kinetic energy into stored chemical potential energy. They are also helpful because they switch from gasoline engines to electric motors. Electric vehicles reduced the amount of waste that is being produced from the burning of gas and the release of oil.
Fossil fuels are our primary energy supply and consist of coil, oil, and natural gases. Fossil fuels are also nonrenewable. Therefore, we need alternative energy, which is energy produced from sources other than fossil fuels. Hybrids help our planet because they consist of both gasoline burning engines as well as a battery-powered electric motor. The batteries are recharged while driving, through conversion of the car's kinetic energy into stored chemical potential energy. They are also helpful because they switch from gasoline engines to electric motors. Electric vehicles reduced the amount of waste that is being produced from the burning of gas and the release of oil.
3SAS (p.235) #31-38 and 3SBS (p.258) #1-10
7/23/13
3SAS (p.235) #31-38
31. a. name: Propane; molecular formula: C3H8
b. name: Pentane; molecular formula: C5H12
32. The suffix -ane in the carbon-carbon bonding in hexane implies that hexane is an alkane.
33. Yes, each of the three molecules are isomers of one another because they all have identical molecular formulas, but just a different arrangement of atoms.
34.
35. Butane is the shortest-chain alkane that demonstrates isomerism because it is and alkane with four or more carbon atoms that can be demonstrated as straight-chain structures, branched-chain structures, or ring structures.
36. Both representations are correct because it doesn't change the molecular formula, they are just demonstrated in different ways; therefore they are structural isomers.
37. a. Two hexane structural isomers, one straight chained, and the other branched-chained:
b. Of the two isomers, the straight-chain would have the lowest boiling point because it has a weaker intermolecular force. Where as the branch-chain molecule has a greater intermolecular force, resulting in a higher boiling point.
38. a. A short-straight chain would have the lowest boiling point because of the weaker intermolecular forces. And because of this the bonds are much easier to break apart.
b. A short-branched chain would have the lowest boiling point because longer branched-chains have a stronger molecular force.
c. A long, straight chain has a lower boiling point because it has a weaker intermolecular force than a short, branched-chain.
3SBS (p.258) #1-10
1. Petroleum is sometimes considered "buried sunshine" because as a fossil fuel, it originates from biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals, and as sunlight is captured by these prehistoric gren plants during photosynthesis, the energy released is the burning of petroleum.
2. a. Potential energy is energy of position, or stored energy ready to be released. An example is the energy within an unreleased winded up spring toy.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. An example is a car rolling down a hill.
3. During a chemical reaction is an energy-releasing reaction that takes place, the bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds and release energy. If more energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is exothermic, but if less energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is endothermic.
4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy because it has more carbon atoms and a higher boiling point than methane. Additionally, the bonds of butane are harder to break apart, resulting in a higher potential energy.
5. a. Potential energy
b. Potential energy
c. Kinetic energy
d. Potential energy
e. Kinetic energy
6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because energy causes reactant bonds to break and eventually reorganize to form new product bonds and energy.
7. a. Burning wood in a campfire: exothermic because more energy (heat) is released than is required to begin the chemical reaction.
b. Cracking large hydrocarbon molecules: endothermic because the molecule is being broken up; therefore, energy is being used.
c. Digesting a candy bar: endothermic because the molecule is being broken up; therefore energy is being used.
8. Burning a candle is an exothermic reaction because the energy released in the product is greater than the energy used in the reactant to break the bond. Basically more energy is given off than is added, making it exothermic.
9.
10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical process.
3SAS (p.235) #31-38
31. a. name: Propane; molecular formula: C3H8
b. name: Pentane; molecular formula: C5H12
32. The suffix -ane in the carbon-carbon bonding in hexane implies that hexane is an alkane.
33. Yes, each of the three molecules are isomers of one another because they all have identical molecular formulas, but just a different arrangement of atoms.
34.
35. Butane is the shortest-chain alkane that demonstrates isomerism because it is and alkane with four or more carbon atoms that can be demonstrated as straight-chain structures, branched-chain structures, or ring structures.
36. Both representations are correct because it doesn't change the molecular formula, they are just demonstrated in different ways; therefore they are structural isomers.
37. a. Two hexane structural isomers, one straight chained, and the other branched-chained:
b. Of the two isomers, the straight-chain would have the lowest boiling point because it has a weaker intermolecular force. Where as the branch-chain molecule has a greater intermolecular force, resulting in a higher boiling point.
38. a. A short-straight chain would have the lowest boiling point because of the weaker intermolecular forces. And because of this the bonds are much easier to break apart.
b. A short-branched chain would have the lowest boiling point because longer branched-chains have a stronger molecular force.
c. A long, straight chain has a lower boiling point because it has a weaker intermolecular force than a short, branched-chain.
3SBS (p.258) #1-10
1. Petroleum is sometimes considered "buried sunshine" because as a fossil fuel, it originates from biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals, and as sunlight is captured by these prehistoric gren plants during photosynthesis, the energy released is the burning of petroleum.
2. a. Potential energy is energy of position, or stored energy ready to be released. An example is the energy within an unreleased winded up spring toy.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. An example is a car rolling down a hill.
3. During a chemical reaction is an energy-releasing reaction that takes place, the bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds and release energy. If more energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is exothermic, but if less energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is endothermic.
4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy because it has more carbon atoms and a higher boiling point than methane. Additionally, the bonds of butane are harder to break apart, resulting in a higher potential energy.
5. a. Potential energy
b. Potential energy
c. Kinetic energy
d. Potential energy
e. Kinetic energy
6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because energy causes reactant bonds to break and eventually reorganize to form new product bonds and energy.
7. a. Burning wood in a campfire: exothermic because more energy (heat) is released than is required to begin the chemical reaction.
b. Cracking large hydrocarbon molecules: endothermic because the molecule is being broken up; therefore, energy is being used.
c. Digesting a candy bar: endothermic because the molecule is being broken up; therefore energy is being used.
8. Burning a candle is an exothermic reaction because the energy released in the product is greater than the energy used in the reactant to break the bond. Basically more energy is given off than is added, making it exothermic.
9.
10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical process.
Monday, July 22, 2013
Blog Question
Blog about distillation to separate alcohol and water.
To separate alcohol and water we use the distillation process. Since water has a high boiling point and alcohol has a low boiling point, when the mixture is heated the alcohol will vaporize first and leave the distillation flask. The alcohol, now, will then condense back into a liquid and can then be collected separately. This all happens before water begins to boil. Then the same process will occur for the water.
To separate alcohol and water we use the distillation process. Since water has a high boiling point and alcohol has a low boiling point, when the mixture is heated the alcohol will vaporize first and leave the distillation flask. The alcohol, now, will then condense back into a liquid and can then be collected separately. This all happens before water begins to boil. Then the same process will occur for the water.
Unit 4 B.3 (p.344) #1-4; Unit 4 B.8 (p.350) #1-6, and Unit 3 SAS (p.233) #1-30 (except #: 2,4,9,14,24,25)
7/22/13
Unit 4 B.3 (p.344) #1-4
1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is potentially more harmful than exposure to infrared radiation because too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause a sunburn, which can lead to skin cancer.
2. Two essential roles played by visible solar radiation is one they can energize electrons in some chemical bonds, which, two, provides energy needed for photosynthesis reactions.
3. Dry, arid regions in the United States experience wider air-temperature fluctuations from night to day then do more humid states because there is less water vapor; therefore infrared radiation isn't stored, reradiated, or reflected back into the atmosphere from electromagnetic radiation that is transformed in the clouds to produce infrared radiation. However, heat does reach the earth.
4. a. Day time temperatures would be affected if Earth had less dense atmosphere because it would be colder. This is because with less greenhouse gasses, like CO2 or H2O, less infrared radiation would be absorbed and be reflected back onto the atmosphere from the UV and visible radiation that was transformed to IR radiation in the clouds. In all less heat energy would be formed from less absorbed infrared radiation.
b. The night time temperatures would be affected if Earth has less dense atmosphere because it would be colder than it would normally be because one there is no presence of the sun and two because less infrared radiation is absorbed and reflected back onto Earth, making it colder.
Unit 4 B.8 (p.350) #1-6
1. 1kg of carbon dioxide is produced daily by all 10 Riverwood High School buses.
2. 0.40 L of fuel are consumed daily by buses idling at Riverwood High School.
3. In a 180-day school year, 180g of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere by these buses, and 72L of fuel would be consumed.
4. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased by about 30% since 1800 because of the clearing of forests, combustion of cutting and scrap timbers, and because of the burning of fossil fuels.
5. Yes, I do think the school bus idling policy will significantly affect annual worldwide supply of fossil fuels that are converted to carbon dioxide because as years go by, more fossil fuels will be needed for more buses.
6. The school buss idling policy is necessary to help preserve the burning of fossil fuels. And hopefully with this policy it will help when years go by and more fossil fuels will be needed.
Unit 3 SAS (p.233) #1-30 (except: 2,4,9,14,24,25)
1. Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds that only contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
3. The characteristic of petroleum that make it a valuable resource is that it is used as fuel in many U.S. automobiles, petroleum-based fuels provide heat to homes, generates electricity, and is useful to produce everyday products.
5. By saying oil is crude what is meant is that it is pumped from under grown and cannot be commercially used in its natural state, it must go through refinement where it is separated into simpler mixtures.
6. a. The average number of barrels of petroleum used daily int he United States for building purposes is: 0.11 x 20,000,000 = 2,200,000 barrels
b. The amount of barrels of petroleum burned as fuel daily in the United States is:
0.89 x 20,000,000 = 17,800,000 barrels
7. Fuels obtained from crude petroleum include heating and cooking fuel, petrol jelly, asphalt, petroleum coke, and many oils refined oils, gas oil, road oils, and more.
8. a. Four household items made from petroleum: clothing, carpeting, sports equipment, and plastic bottles.
b. Clothing could be made out of cotton, carpeting could also be made out of cotton, sports equipment can be made out of rubber like rubber balls, and plastic bottles could be made out of aluminum.
10. a. The world region that has the most petroleum reserves relative to its population is Eastern Europe.
b. The region that has the least petroleum reserves relative to its population is Central Asia.
11. a. The regions that consume a greater proportion of the world's supply of petroleum than they possess are North America, Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania, Western and Eastern Europe.
b. The regions that consume a smaller proportion of the world's supply of petroleum than they posses are Middle East, Africa, Central and South America.
12. Density could be used to separate two different liquids under the conditions that a substance is insoluble in each other.
13. A mixture of water and acetone would be the easiest to separate from each other since water has the highest boiling point and acetone has the lowest boiling point of the four substances listed; therefore, they would separate easily by distillation.
15.
16. Fractional distillation does not separate each substance in crude oil, instead it produces many different mixtures called fractions. Fractional distillation is a continuous process that consists of a distillation column and various temperatures in order to separate solutions. Simple distillation only involves a apparatus and separates a solution using evaporation and condensation.
17. Three useful products that derived from petroleum's fractions:
- light: motor gasoline and refined oil
-intermediate: gas oil and heavy furnace oil
-heavy: lubricating oil/grease and heavy oils/wax
18. In a distillation tower, I would expect the fraction with the highest boiling point to be removed at the bottom of the tower because it is hotter at the bottom, which is needed to separate the bonds between molecules. And there are thick liquids that never vaporize
19. After fractional distillation, a way to further separate the mixtures is distillation.
20. In the order from highest to lowest according to their boiling points are methane, pentane, hexane, octane. The higher the boiling point is, the stronger the intermolecular forces.
21. A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms, allowing both atoms to completely fill out their outer shells.
22. Atoms with filled outer electron shells do not form covalent bonds because they are usually stable; therefore, they are chemically unreactive.
23. The analogy that two dogs are tugging on the same sock describe the way that shared electrons hold together atoms in a covalent bond because the two dogs pulling away from each other are still connected by the need to want the sock; therefore, sharing the sock that connects them together.
26. a. The information that a structural formula conveys but a molecular formula does not is the make up of a molecule, as well as how high the boiling point is.
b. A structural formula is an inadequate representation of an actual molecule because it shows how strong molecular bonds within the formula is, as well as the boiling point of the formula
27. a. Lewis dot structure
b. Structural formula
28. The electron dot representation of carbon atom only shows four dots and not six because two electrons are located in the inner shell of an atom, and the four electrons are located in the outer shell.
29. a. C9H20
b. C16H34
c. C10H22
d. C18H38
30. a. 128g
b. 226g
c. 142g
d. 254g
Unit 4 B.3 (p.344) #1-4
1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is potentially more harmful than exposure to infrared radiation because too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause a sunburn, which can lead to skin cancer.
2. Two essential roles played by visible solar radiation is one they can energize electrons in some chemical bonds, which, two, provides energy needed for photosynthesis reactions.
3. Dry, arid regions in the United States experience wider air-temperature fluctuations from night to day then do more humid states because there is less water vapor; therefore infrared radiation isn't stored, reradiated, or reflected back into the atmosphere from electromagnetic radiation that is transformed in the clouds to produce infrared radiation. However, heat does reach the earth.
4. a. Day time temperatures would be affected if Earth had less dense atmosphere because it would be colder. This is because with less greenhouse gasses, like CO2 or H2O, less infrared radiation would be absorbed and be reflected back onto the atmosphere from the UV and visible radiation that was transformed to IR radiation in the clouds. In all less heat energy would be formed from less absorbed infrared radiation.
b. The night time temperatures would be affected if Earth has less dense atmosphere because it would be colder than it would normally be because one there is no presence of the sun and two because less infrared radiation is absorbed and reflected back onto Earth, making it colder.
Unit 4 B.8 (p.350) #1-6
1. 1kg of carbon dioxide is produced daily by all 10 Riverwood High School buses.
2. 0.40 L of fuel are consumed daily by buses idling at Riverwood High School.
3. In a 180-day school year, 180g of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere by these buses, and 72L of fuel would be consumed.
4. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased by about 30% since 1800 because of the clearing of forests, combustion of cutting and scrap timbers, and because of the burning of fossil fuels.
5. Yes, I do think the school bus idling policy will significantly affect annual worldwide supply of fossil fuels that are converted to carbon dioxide because as years go by, more fossil fuels will be needed for more buses.
6. The school buss idling policy is necessary to help preserve the burning of fossil fuels. And hopefully with this policy it will help when years go by and more fossil fuels will be needed.
Unit 3 SAS (p.233) #1-30 (except: 2,4,9,14,24,25)
1. Hydrocarbons are molecular compounds that only contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
3. The characteristic of petroleum that make it a valuable resource is that it is used as fuel in many U.S. automobiles, petroleum-based fuels provide heat to homes, generates electricity, and is useful to produce everyday products.
5. By saying oil is crude what is meant is that it is pumped from under grown and cannot be commercially used in its natural state, it must go through refinement where it is separated into simpler mixtures.
6. a. The average number of barrels of petroleum used daily int he United States for building purposes is: 0.11 x 20,000,000 = 2,200,000 barrels
b. The amount of barrels of petroleum burned as fuel daily in the United States is:
0.89 x 20,000,000 = 17,800,000 barrels
7. Fuels obtained from crude petroleum include heating and cooking fuel, petrol jelly, asphalt, petroleum coke, and many oils refined oils, gas oil, road oils, and more.
8. a. Four household items made from petroleum: clothing, carpeting, sports equipment, and plastic bottles.
b. Clothing could be made out of cotton, carpeting could also be made out of cotton, sports equipment can be made out of rubber like rubber balls, and plastic bottles could be made out of aluminum.
10. a. The world region that has the most petroleum reserves relative to its population is Eastern Europe.
b. The region that has the least petroleum reserves relative to its population is Central Asia.
11. a. The regions that consume a greater proportion of the world's supply of petroleum than they possess are North America, Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania, Western and Eastern Europe.
b. The regions that consume a smaller proportion of the world's supply of petroleum than they posses are Middle East, Africa, Central and South America.
12. Density could be used to separate two different liquids under the conditions that a substance is insoluble in each other.
13. A mixture of water and acetone would be the easiest to separate from each other since water has the highest boiling point and acetone has the lowest boiling point of the four substances listed; therefore, they would separate easily by distillation.
15.
16. Fractional distillation does not separate each substance in crude oil, instead it produces many different mixtures called fractions. Fractional distillation is a continuous process that consists of a distillation column and various temperatures in order to separate solutions. Simple distillation only involves a apparatus and separates a solution using evaporation and condensation.
17. Three useful products that derived from petroleum's fractions:
- light: motor gasoline and refined oil
-intermediate: gas oil and heavy furnace oil
-heavy: lubricating oil/grease and heavy oils/wax
18. In a distillation tower, I would expect the fraction with the highest boiling point to be removed at the bottom of the tower because it is hotter at the bottom, which is needed to separate the bonds between molecules. And there are thick liquids that never vaporize
19. After fractional distillation, a way to further separate the mixtures is distillation.
20. In the order from highest to lowest according to their boiling points are methane, pentane, hexane, octane. The higher the boiling point is, the stronger the intermolecular forces.
21. A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms, allowing both atoms to completely fill out their outer shells.
22. Atoms with filled outer electron shells do not form covalent bonds because they are usually stable; therefore, they are chemically unreactive.
23. The analogy that two dogs are tugging on the same sock describe the way that shared electrons hold together atoms in a covalent bond because the two dogs pulling away from each other are still connected by the need to want the sock; therefore, sharing the sock that connects them together.
26. a. The information that a structural formula conveys but a molecular formula does not is the make up of a molecule, as well as how high the boiling point is.
b. A structural formula is an inadequate representation of an actual molecule because it shows how strong molecular bonds within the formula is, as well as the boiling point of the formula
27. a. Lewis dot structure
b. Structural formula
28. The electron dot representation of carbon atom only shows four dots and not six because two electrons are located in the inner shell of an atom, and the four electrons are located in the outer shell.
29. a. C9H20
b. C16H34
c. C10H22
d. C18H38
30. a. 128g
b. 226g
c. 142g
d. 254g
Lab Report: Striking it Rich
LAB REPORT:
Striking it Rich
7/22/13
Charlie, Georgie, Ben
Dr. Forman
Lab Questions:
1. b. Yes, the treated coins appear to be composed of metals other than copper because it turned silver. This silver proves that there is the appearance of zinc in the penny as well.
2. I would decide the claim (that precious metals was produced from this investigation) would be incorrect. Because pennies are composed of zinc and copper These two metals could not react to make a precious metal, but instead they will combine together to form an alloy.
3. Two practical uses for metallic changes similar to those we observed in this investigation is that because alloys were formed, this caused a stronger metal to be formed from less strong elements that composed them. These alloys can then be used for everyday uses.
4. a. The penny that was only placed in the bubbling zinc chloride solution formed a less combined alloy of copper and zinc. However, the penny that was placed both in the bubbling zinc chloride solution and directly placed on the hot plate was formed a more combined alloy of copper and zinc. In all, the atoms formed different reactions depending on the procedure they endured.
b. Yes, the treated pennies could be converted back to its original coin by adding hydrochloric acid to the treated pennies.
Sunday, July 21, 2013
Blog Question
Blog about global warming.
Global warming is caused by an increase in global
temperatures. Many scientists believe that climate change is for sure
happening, and that human activities are the primary driver. Increase in
temperature is also caused by the increase in human greenhouse gas
concentrations. Global warming may also cause an increase in sea levels because
as more glaciers melt, they add to the amount of water in big bodies of water.
It may also cause and increase in soil moisture in North America.
4S4SBS (p.360) #1-8 and 4SBS (p.361) #14-20
7/21/13
4SBS #1-8
1. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy are proportional; high frequency radiation is also high- energy radiation.
2. The word spectrum is a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from high to low.
3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis, while other forms of electromagnetic radiation are not because visible radiation can energize electrons in chemical bonds, which provides energy needed for photosynthesis to occur.
4. a. The main types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing energy: inferred radiation, visible radiation, and ultraviolet radiation.
b. Inferred radiation affects living things because it is basically heat radiation, which causes the surface and temperature to be warmer. Visible radiation affects living things by having an impact on photosynthesis. It has an impact on photosynthesis because it can energize electrons in some chemical bonds. And ultraviolet radiation affects living things because it causes sunburns, which leads to skin cancer, and kills and destroys bacteria and viruses. Even though ultraviolet radiation causes this, it is necessary by humans in moderate doses to provide vitamin D.
5. Ultraviolet light is often used to sterilize chemistry laboratory protective goggles and not visible light because ultraviolet light (UV-C radiation) is the most energetic and can kill bacteria and destroy viruses. This is because UV-C photons have enough energy to break covalent bonds, which causes chemical changes to occur in materials exposed to radiation.
6. Infrared radiation are absorbed by two greenhouse natural gases, carbon dioxide and water vapor, that redirect the energy back into earth. For visible radiation, on a clear day 90% of the visible region of solar radiation directed toward Earth travels down to Earth. Of ultraviolet radiation, UV-C radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before reaching earth's surface and most UV-A and UV-B radiation us absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer, and does not reach the earth's surface.
7. Two main effects of solar radiation that reached Earth's surface are more water vapor and hotter water, which results in a hotter Earth in all. This is caused when more greenhouse gases are produced, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, more infrared radiation is absorbed. This then causes more energy to be reradiated on earth's surface.
8. a. Lake water reflects light, as well as absorbing and storing heat. Asphalt, like snow, sand, or concrete, warms up when exposed to sunlight; therefore, heating. This is because when solar radiation strikes these materials, it is reflected and illuminated back into space.
4SBS #14-20
14. Atmospheric CO2 and water vapor help maintain moderate temperatures because they both greenhouse gases, which means they would absorb infrared radiation, which would help maintain temperature.
15. a. Increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere:
Natural process: human breathing and bacterial decay
Human process: agricultural and industrial process and the burning of fossil fuels
b. Increase the amount of CH4 in the atmosphere:
Natural process: decomposition product of plant and animals
Human process: refining fossil fuels and raising livestock
16. The changes in the composition of the atmosphere that would cause the average surface temperature to increase would be an increase in greenhouse/ atmospheric gases, which causes higher pressure. What would cause the average surface temperature to decrease would be the decrease of greenhouse/atmospheric gases, which causes lower pressure.
17. A green house with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls because the inflered light cant escape glass. It is basically how greenhouse gases work because they change UV and visible radiation to infrared radiation in clouds and reflects heat energy within Earth.
18. a. How the greenhouse works
b. The global greenhouse effect works
19. Three chemical reservoirs of carbon atoms are atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate in limestone, natural gas, and organic molecules.
20. Carbon atoms could be part of the atmosphere as a gas due to photosynthesis. They could be part of the lithosphere due to plant or animal decay. Or they could be part of the hydrosphere as limestone.
4SBS #1-8
1. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy are proportional; high frequency radiation is also high- energy radiation.
2. The word spectrum is a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from high to low.
3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis, while other forms of electromagnetic radiation are not because visible radiation can energize electrons in chemical bonds, which provides energy needed for photosynthesis to occur.
4. a. The main types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing energy: inferred radiation, visible radiation, and ultraviolet radiation.
b. Inferred radiation affects living things because it is basically heat radiation, which causes the surface and temperature to be warmer. Visible radiation affects living things by having an impact on photosynthesis. It has an impact on photosynthesis because it can energize electrons in some chemical bonds. And ultraviolet radiation affects living things because it causes sunburns, which leads to skin cancer, and kills and destroys bacteria and viruses. Even though ultraviolet radiation causes this, it is necessary by humans in moderate doses to provide vitamin D.
5. Ultraviolet light is often used to sterilize chemistry laboratory protective goggles and not visible light because ultraviolet light (UV-C radiation) is the most energetic and can kill bacteria and destroy viruses. This is because UV-C photons have enough energy to break covalent bonds, which causes chemical changes to occur in materials exposed to radiation.
6. Infrared radiation are absorbed by two greenhouse natural gases, carbon dioxide and water vapor, that redirect the energy back into earth. For visible radiation, on a clear day 90% of the visible region of solar radiation directed toward Earth travels down to Earth. Of ultraviolet radiation, UV-C radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before reaching earth's surface and most UV-A and UV-B radiation us absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer, and does not reach the earth's surface.
7. Two main effects of solar radiation that reached Earth's surface are more water vapor and hotter water, which results in a hotter Earth in all. This is caused when more greenhouse gases are produced, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, more infrared radiation is absorbed. This then causes more energy to be reradiated on earth's surface.
8. a. Lake water reflects light, as well as absorbing and storing heat. Asphalt, like snow, sand, or concrete, warms up when exposed to sunlight; therefore, heating. This is because when solar radiation strikes these materials, it is reflected and illuminated back into space.
4SBS #14-20
14. Atmospheric CO2 and water vapor help maintain moderate temperatures because they both greenhouse gases, which means they would absorb infrared radiation, which would help maintain temperature.
15. a. Increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere:
Natural process: human breathing and bacterial decay
Human process: agricultural and industrial process and the burning of fossil fuels
b. Increase the amount of CH4 in the atmosphere:
Natural process: decomposition product of plant and animals
Human process: refining fossil fuels and raising livestock
16. The changes in the composition of the atmosphere that would cause the average surface temperature to increase would be an increase in greenhouse/ atmospheric gases, which causes higher pressure. What would cause the average surface temperature to decrease would be the decrease of greenhouse/atmospheric gases, which causes lower pressure.
17. A green house with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls because the inflered light cant escape glass. It is basically how greenhouse gases work because they change UV and visible radiation to infrared radiation in clouds and reflects heat energy within Earth.
18. a. How the greenhouse works
b. The global greenhouse effect works
19. Three chemical reservoirs of carbon atoms are atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate in limestone, natural gas, and organic molecules.
20. Carbon atoms could be part of the atmosphere as a gas due to photosynthesis. They could be part of the lithosphere due to plant or animal decay. Or they could be part of the hydrosphere as limestone.
Friday, July 19, 2013
Lab Report: Retrieving Copper
LAB REPORT:
Retrieving Copper
7/19/13
Charlie, Georgie, Ben
Dr. Forman
Lab Questions:
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| Group Data Table |
1. a. The observational evidence that leads us to think that the reaction was incomplete because when you heat copper, atoms of copper don't leave, they just change.
b. I could revise the procedure so that more copper (II) oxide could form by heating copper for a longer amount of time, so more copper can combine with oxygen.
2. a. The mass of the original powdered copper sample that reacted when we heated it was 96%.
b. The percent of the total copper sample that reacted was 85%.
3. a. Cu2+ + Zn --> Cu + Zn2+
b. i. The reactant that was oxidized was Zn.
ii. The reactant that was reduced was Cu2+.
iii. The reducing agent is Zn.
iv. The oxidizing agent is Cu2+.
4. a. When we added zinc to the solution there was a reaction and caused a dark red color, and was brittle, like a copper color.
b. What caused the changes we observed in the solution was the theory that a more reactive metal will cause a reaction in a less reactive solution. And in this cases zinc is more reactive than copper.
c. Once the solution changed to a clear color, it proved that Cu2+ ions int he solution reduced to Cu. And the Zn had oxidized to become Zn2+.
5. a. The resources that were used up in this recovery process was Cu2+ ions and solid Zn.
b. Cu2+ reduced to Cu, and Zn oxidized to Zn2+ in the solution.
Aggregated Class Data:
Before our experiment to retrieve copper, the class as a whole believed that when we heated copper that we converted all the copper, but really only about 30% of the copper converted. And 50%-70% of the copper didn't converted. In the unconverted copper, most groups got about 0.70g of unconverted copper and other groups got more around 0.60g. However, when we converted copper, most groups got about 0.24g, and many more got a higher number around 0.34g. After we retrieved copper we realized that atoms are never destroyed or made, but just changed.
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| Class Aggregated Data |
Thursday, July 18, 2013
Blog Question
The uses of alloys and how their properties change.
Alloys are solid combination of atoms of two or more metals. To modify properties of a particular metal is to form it into an alloy. Some uses include transportation, construction, jet aircraft engines, high corrosion resistance, and sometimes have the ability to conduct an electrical current.
2SDS (p.204) #7-13
7/18/13
7. An alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals.
8. Two alloys I use regularly are steel and carat-gold. Steel are alloys that consist of iron and carbon. Steal is used for cars and kitchens. Carat-gold is an alloy that is made up of gold, copper, and silver. It is used for jewelry.
9. A nonmetal that is a component of both steel and stainless steel is carbon.
10. Chromium- platinum (Cr3Pt) is a very hard alloy that forms the basis of some commercial razor blade edges.
11. Elements that behave as semi-conductors are called metalloids. They are located at the break of metals and nonmetals. They portray qualities of both metal and nonmetals. Metals are known to be reactive, and nonmetals are not reactive.
12. Three elements commonly used for doping semiconductors are phosphorus, aluminum, and gallium.
13. The primary use of the products of semi conductor technology is to allow computers to process digital information. Some semi-conductor devices include transistors and integrated circuits used in commuters and other electronics.
7. An alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals.
8. Two alloys I use regularly are steel and carat-gold. Steel are alloys that consist of iron and carbon. Steal is used for cars and kitchens. Carat-gold is an alloy that is made up of gold, copper, and silver. It is used for jewelry.
9. A nonmetal that is a component of both steel and stainless steel is carbon.
10. Chromium- platinum (Cr3Pt) is a very hard alloy that forms the basis of some commercial razor blade edges.
11. Elements that behave as semi-conductors are called metalloids. They are located at the break of metals and nonmetals. They portray qualities of both metal and nonmetals. Metals are known to be reactive, and nonmetals are not reactive.
12. Three elements commonly used for doping semiconductors are phosphorus, aluminum, and gallium.
13. The primary use of the products of semi conductor technology is to allow computers to process digital information. Some semi-conductor devices include transistors and integrated circuits used in commuters and other electronics.
Wednesday, July 17, 2013
Blog Question
Explain the difference between allotropes (O2 vs. O3).
Allotropes are different forms of an element that each have distinctly different physical or chemical properties. Oxygen exists as two allotropes, which are O2 and O3. O2 is known as oxygen gas, and makes up 20% of the air we humans breathe. On the other hand, O3 is known as ozone, and is a gaseous substance found in the upper layers of our planet's atmosphere, and can cause air pollution.
Allotropes are different forms of an element that each have distinctly different physical or chemical properties. Oxygen exists as two allotropes, which are O2 and O3. O2 is known as oxygen gas, and makes up 20% of the air we humans breathe. On the other hand, O3 is known as ozone, and is a gaseous substance found in the upper layers of our planet's atmosphere, and can cause air pollution.
2SDS (p.204) #1-6
7/17/13
1. Allotropes are different forms of the same element that each have distinctly different physical or chemical properties.
2. Oxygen and silicon are two other elements other than carbon that form allotropes.
3. a. A diamond is an extremely hard substance, has a high melting point, not electrically conductive, and is expensive because it is rare. Coal is combustible (burn) and cheap. Pencil lead (graphite) is electrically conductive and common; therefore, cheap.
b. There properties are different because of the way the atoms of elements are linked together and organized.
c. The difference in the cost of these items is due to the high melting point, hardness, and rarity of the diamond, which causes the diamond to be more expensive. Where as in graphite and coal they are more reactive and common, which makes them cheaper.
4. Engineered materials are materials made by scientists and engineers to enhance the natural materials through manufacturing methods. However, natural materials can't be controlled, so you basically get what is there.
5. Two advantages of using high ceramics in high- temperature applications are they can operate at higher temperatures and still keep their strength. They are also durable, meaning they can withstand pressure. Two disadvantages of using ceramics is that they are brittle and can break easily if exposed to rapid temperature change, like hot to cold in engines.
6. Two examples of properties that can be modified in plastics to make them useful for new applications are one plastic can be both hard and soft. Like polyethylene, which can be made to display either soft and pliable properties (squeezing a bottle for water) or crafted to be hard and brittle (glasslike). Plastic can also be made into optical fibers, which will replace copper wires in phones and data transmission lines for communication.
1. Allotropes are different forms of the same element that each have distinctly different physical or chemical properties.
2. Oxygen and silicon are two other elements other than carbon that form allotropes.
3. a. A diamond is an extremely hard substance, has a high melting point, not electrically conductive, and is expensive because it is rare. Coal is combustible (burn) and cheap. Pencil lead (graphite) is electrically conductive and common; therefore, cheap.
b. There properties are different because of the way the atoms of elements are linked together and organized.
c. The difference in the cost of these items is due to the high melting point, hardness, and rarity of the diamond, which causes the diamond to be more expensive. Where as in graphite and coal they are more reactive and common, which makes them cheaper.
4. Engineered materials are materials made by scientists and engineers to enhance the natural materials through manufacturing methods. However, natural materials can't be controlled, so you basically get what is there.
5. Two advantages of using high ceramics in high- temperature applications are they can operate at higher temperatures and still keep their strength. They are also durable, meaning they can withstand pressure. Two disadvantages of using ceramics is that they are brittle and can break easily if exposed to rapid temperature change, like hot to cold in engines.
6. Two examples of properties that can be modified in plastics to make them useful for new applications are one plastic can be both hard and soft. Like polyethylene, which can be made to display either soft and pliable properties (squeezing a bottle for water) or crafted to be hard and brittle (glasslike). Plastic can also be made into optical fibers, which will replace copper wires in phones and data transmission lines for communication.
Tuesday, July 16, 2013
Blog Question
Explain the relationship between atoms, neutrons, protons, electrons, and molecules. Give examples using CO2 and H2O.
Atoms consists of neutrons, protons, and electrons. And each molecule is made up of atoms. In the molecule CO2, there is one atom of oxygen and two atoms of carbon. In the molecule H2O, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The number of protons and electrons are the same; however if a molecule looses or gains an electron, this will cause the molecule to be either positive or negative, which forms an ion. Protons and electrons also make up the atomic number in each element. And to find the number of neutrons, you subtract the atomic number from the atomic weight.
Atoms consists of neutrons, protons, and electrons. And each molecule is made up of atoms. In the molecule CO2, there is one atom of oxygen and two atoms of carbon. In the molecule H2O, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The number of protons and electrons are the same; however if a molecule looses or gains an electron, this will cause the molecule to be either positive or negative, which forms an ion. Protons and electrons also make up the atomic number in each element. And to find the number of neutrons, you subtract the atomic number from the atomic weight.
2CSC (p.181) #13-21
7/16/13
13. a. 6 moles of NH3 are needed to react with 9 mol PbO.
b. 5 moles of N2 are produced by the reaction of 10 mol NH3.
c. 5 moles of Pb are produced from 5 mol PbO.
14. a. 1 mole
b. 621g
c. 28g
d. 415g
15. The percent oxygen by mass is not 67%, it is 73%. This is because the molar mass of oxygen is 32, and the molar mass of carbon is 12 in carbon dioxide. Therefore, 32/44 x 100= 73% oxygen.
16. a. 87% silver by mass
(108 x 2) + 32= 248
216/248 = .870 x 100 = 87%
b. 53% aluminum by mass
(27 x 2) + (16 x 3)= 102
54/102 = .53 x 100 = 53%
c. 40% calcium by mass
40 + 12 + (16 x 3) = 100
40/100 = .40 x 100 = 40%
17. a. 68% lead by mass
207 + 32 + (16 x 4) = 303
207/303 = .68 x 100 = 68%
b. 10% PbSO4 in the ore sample
5/50 = .1 x 100 = 10%
c. 6.8% Pb in the total ore sample
68 x 10% (.10) = 6.8%
d.
18. a. Reusing is when you use something over and over again until it can't be used anymore. Recycling is when recourses can be used again and processed to be used for a different purpose.
b. Two examples of reusing are using a plastic fork over and cleaning it, instead of throwing it away. And reusing water bottles is an example. Two examples of recycling are old computer and car parts and cans.
19. a. Renewable resources: plants, animals, fertilizer, water, and air
b. Nonrenewable resources: metals, natural gas, coal, petroleum/ oil
20. a. reusing
b. recycling
c. reusing
21. Both glass from a light bulb and paper from a newspaper can be recycled. However, a newspaper can be reused as well, but a light bulb cannot not.
13. a. 6 moles of NH3 are needed to react with 9 mol PbO.
b. 5 moles of N2 are produced by the reaction of 10 mol NH3.
c. 5 moles of Pb are produced from 5 mol PbO.
14. a. 1 mole
b. 621g
c. 28g
d. 415g
16. a. 87% silver by mass
(108 x 2) + 32= 248
216/248 = .870 x 100 = 87%
b. 53% aluminum by mass
(27 x 2) + (16 x 3)= 102
54/102 = .53 x 100 = 53%
c. 40% calcium by mass
40 + 12 + (16 x 3) = 100
40/100 = .40 x 100 = 40%
17. a. 68% lead by mass
207 + 32 + (16 x 4) = 303
207/303 = .68 x 100 = 68%
b. 10% PbSO4 in the ore sample
5/50 = .1 x 100 = 10%
c. 6.8% Pb in the total ore sample
68 x 10% (.10) = 6.8%
d.
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| 10% lead in the PbSO4 ore |
 |
| 68% lead in lead sulfate |
b. Two examples of reusing are using a plastic fork over and cleaning it, instead of throwing it away. And reusing water bottles is an example. Two examples of recycling are old computer and car parts and cans.
19. a. Renewable resources: plants, animals, fertilizer, water, and air
b. Nonrenewable resources: metals, natural gas, coal, petroleum/ oil
20. a. reusing
b. recycling
c. reusing
21. Both glass from a light bulb and paper from a newspaper can be recycled. However, a newspaper can be reused as well, but a light bulb cannot not.
Lab Report: Relative Reactivities of Metals
LAB REPORT:
Relative Reactivities of Metals
7/16/13
Charlie, Gerogie, Ben
Dr. Forman
Results:
1. Both Magnesium and zinc reacted with the most solutions.
2. Copper reacted with the fewest salutations.
3. If we tested silver metals, it would react with neither of the solutions. This is because silver has one of the lowest reactivities, and since all the solutions have a higher reactivity, silver will not react with another of the solutions.
4. The most reactive metals in order from greatest to least are:
1. magnesium
2. zinc
3. copper
4. silver
5. The outside of a penny is made of copper instead of zinc because copper is less reactive than zinc. And because copper is less reactive, it will not react with other materials as often, so it will keep its form.
6. a. Out of the four metals mentioned in this investigation, silver would be the best choice to use for the outside of a penny because it is less reactive than copper, so it would react with less materials than copper does.
b. I think silver is not used on the outside surface of a penny because it may be more expensive to obtain than copper, or there isn't a great abundance of this metal as there is for copper.
7. a. Silver would be most likely to be found in an uncombined, or "free" state in nature because it is less reactive; therefore, it is wont combine with other materials easily, so it should be found "free."
b. Magnesium would be least likely to be found chemically uncombined with other elements because it is a metal that is most reactive; therefore, will combine with other material more often and more easily.
8. a.Yes, it would be possible to estimate one or more of the metal-solution combinations and still obtain all the information because if you have the reactivity for one thing, than that can give you an estimate for how reactive the metal is.
b. The combinations that could have been eliminated would be magnesium nitrate because since that was the most reactive solution and metal, it would not cause a solution with the other metals; therefore, give us no information.
Aggregated class data:
After all the groups have combined all their data together, most groups got the same results. The only results that have one or so groups that had a different results were for the reaction with copper in copper nitrate and with magnesium in zinc nitrate. The reason most groups got the same results because the reactions were more noticeable, and didn't involve intricate determining.
Monday, July 15, 2013
Blog Question
Explain your chosen metal in a blog.
My metal (mercury) symbol is Hg and is named after the Roman god Mercury, as well as the planet Mercury. Mercury was used for tombs by Egyptians, ointments by the Greeks, and cosmetics by the Romans, which was a bad thing because it would deform faces. But now a days, mercury is usually used in thermometers, barometers, and dental amalgams.
My metal (mercury) symbol is Hg and is named after the Roman god Mercury, as well as the planet Mercury. Mercury was used for tombs by Egyptians, ointments by the Greeks, and cosmetics by the Romans, which was a bad thing because it would deform faces. But now a days, mercury is usually used in thermometers, barometers, and dental amalgams.
2SCS (p.180) #1-12
7/15/13
1. The law of conversation of matter states that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.
2. The scientific law summarizes what has been learned by careful observation of nature.
3. The terms "using up" and "throwing away" are misleading because according to the law of conservation of matter, matter is neither created nor destroyed, they are just changed.
4. a. Not balanced.
Reactant: Sn-1, H-1, F-1
Product: Sn-1, H-2, F-2
b. Not balanced.
Reactant: Si-1, O-2, C-1
Product: Si-1, O-1, C-2
c. Balanced
Reactant: Al-1, O-3, H-6, Cl-3
Product: Al-1, O-3, H-6, Cl-3
5. a. The coefficient for hydrogen gas: 3.
b. The coefficient for NH3 gas: 2.
c. The coefficient for nitrogen gas: 1.
6. a. 1 WO3 + 3 H2 --> 1 W + 3 H2O
7. a. 1 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 --> 2 H3PO4 + 3 CaSO4
8. a. Yes, the atoms are conserved.
Reactant: Na-2, S-1, O-4, K-2, Cl-1
Product: Na-2, S-1, O-4, K-2, Cl-1
b. No, the student didnt create a properly balanced chemical equation because the subscripts are suppose to stay the same, and the coefficients are suppose to alter to balance the equation.
c. 1 Na2SO4 + 2 KCl --> 2 NaCl + 1 K2SO4
9. It would take 400,000 seconds to spend one mole of dollars if I could spend a billion dollars per second.
10. a. oxygen gas (O2): 32g
b. ozone (O3): 48g
c. limestone (CaCO3): 100g
d. a typical antacid Mg(OH)2: 58g
e. aspirin (C9H8O4): 180g
11. They can both correctly represent 1.00 mol of a substance because atomic mass equals atomic weight and the weight always stays the same.
12. a. 1 atom in 39.1g potassium
b. .5 atoms in 19.55g potassium
c. .1 atoms in 3.91g potassium
d. .03 atoms in 1.0g potassium
1. The law of conversation of matter states that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.
2. The scientific law summarizes what has been learned by careful observation of nature.
3. The terms "using up" and "throwing away" are misleading because according to the law of conservation of matter, matter is neither created nor destroyed, they are just changed.
4. a. Not balanced.
Reactant: Sn-1, H-1, F-1
Product: Sn-1, H-2, F-2
b. Not balanced.
Reactant: Si-1, O-2, C-1
Product: Si-1, O-1, C-2
c. Balanced
Reactant: Al-1, O-3, H-6, Cl-3
Product: Al-1, O-3, H-6, Cl-3
5. a. The coefficient for hydrogen gas: 3.
b. The coefficient for NH3 gas: 2.
c. The coefficient for nitrogen gas: 1.
6. a. 1 WO3 + 3 H2 --> 1 W + 3 H2O
7. a. 1 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 --> 2 H3PO4 + 3 CaSO4
8. a. Yes, the atoms are conserved.
Reactant: Na-2, S-1, O-4, K-2, Cl-1
Product: Na-2, S-1, O-4, K-2, Cl-1
b. No, the student didnt create a properly balanced chemical equation because the subscripts are suppose to stay the same, and the coefficients are suppose to alter to balance the equation.
c. 1 Na2SO4 + 2 KCl --> 2 NaCl + 1 K2SO4
9. It would take 400,000 seconds to spend one mole of dollars if I could spend a billion dollars per second.
10. a. oxygen gas (O2): 32g
b. ozone (O3): 48g
c. limestone (CaCO3): 100g
d. a typical antacid Mg(OH)2: 58g
e. aspirin (C9H8O4): 180g
11. They can both correctly represent 1.00 mol of a substance because atomic mass equals atomic weight and the weight always stays the same.
12. a. 1 atom in 39.1g potassium
b. .5 atoms in 19.55g potassium
c. .1 atoms in 3.91g potassium
d. .03 atoms in 1.0g potassium
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