Unit 2 D.1- D.4 Vocabulary
Allotropes: are different
forms of an element that each has distinctly different physical or chemical
properties
Nanotubes: structure
composed of a “rolled up” layer of carbon atoms that form hallow tubes
Unit 2 C.12- C.15 Vocabulary
Renewable resources:
a resource that can be replenished by natural processes over the time frame of
human experience
o Fresh
water, air, fertile soil, plants, animals
Nonrenewable
resources: a resource in limited supply that cannot be replenished by
natural processes over the time frame of human experience
o Metals,
natural gasses, coal, petroleum
Unit 2 C.1 Vocabulary
Law of conservation
of matter: in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed
Balanced chemical
equation: the number of atoms of each element is the same on the reactant
and product side
Coefficients:
indicates the relative number of units of each substance involved in a chemical
reaction
Formula unit: a
term that refers to the smallest unit of an ionic compound
Unit 2 B.4-B.9 Vocabulary
Activity series: ranking
elements in relative order of their chemical reactivates
Iron metallurgy: the
extraction of iron from its ores
Reduction: to
gain one or more electrons by a chemical species
Oxidation: lose
one or more electrons
Oxidized: what is
called any reactant that appears to
lose one or more electrons
Oxidation-reduction
reactions (redox reactions): a chemical reaction where oxidation and
reduction occur together
Reducing agents: a species that causes another atom,
molecule, or ion to become reduced; the reducing agent, in turn, becomes
oxidized in this process
Electrometallurgy: using
an electrical current to supply electrons to metal ions; therefore, reducing
them
Pyrometallurgy: treats metals and their ores with heat
o Carbon
(coke) and carbon monoxide are common reducing agents that provide electron;
therefore, reducing metal ions
Hydrometallurgy: involves
treating ores and other metal- containg materials with reactants in a water
solution
Electron-dot
structure (dot structure): the
representation of atoms, ions, and molecules where valence-electron dots
surround each atoms symbol; it is useful for indicating covalent bonding
Oxidizing agent: species
involved in removing electrons from the oxidized reactant
Unit 2 B.1 Vocabulary
Atmosphere: provides
nitrogen, oxygen, argon, neon
Hydrosphere: layer
of water (oceans, clouds, ice caps, glaciers, lakes, rivers, underground water
supplies) and some dissolved minerals
Lithosphere: solid
part of Earth, provides the greatest variety of chemical resources like petroleum
and metal-bearing ores
- Contains the crust (band of soil and rock that obtain the raw materials needed to build homes and more), mantle, and core
Ore: naturally occurring
rock or mineral that can be mined and from which it is possible to extract
metal or other minerals
Minerals: naturally
occurring solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of interest
Unit 2 A.6-A.11 Vocabulary
Atomic number: the
number of proton in an atom; distinguishes atoms of different elements
- 12 protons: magnesium
- 6 protons: carbon
Nucleus: positively
charged central region of an atom that contains protons and neutrons
Mass number: the
sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleolus of an atom of a
particular isotope
- protons + neutrons= mass number
Isotopes: atoms
with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Periods: horizontal
row in the periodic table; elements are listed in order of increasing atomic
numbers and grouped according to similar properties
Periodic relationship:
regular patterns among chemical and physical properties of elements arrayed
in the periodic table
Group/ Family: vertical
row in the periodic table (column); contains elements with similar properties
Alkali metal family: first
column on the left side; highly reactive metal that forms an ECl chloride and
E2O oxide
- a group of elements consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium
Noble gas family: right
most group of the periodic table; consists of very unreactive (chemically
inert) elements
Halogen family: form
1- ions; group containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine in a column to the
left of the noble gases
Unit 2 A.5 Vocabulary
Combustion: chemical
reaction with oxygen gas that produces thermal energy and light; burning
Conductor: a
material that allows electricity (thermal energy) to flow through it
o Conducts
electricity à
light bulb is on
Nonconductor: a
material that does not allow electrical current (or thermal energy) to flow
through it
o Doesn’t
conduct electricityà
light bulb off
Malleable: flattens
without shattering when struck
Brittle: shatters
into pieces
Unit 2 A.1-A.4 Vocabulary
Physical properties:
a property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of
the sample of matter
o Color,
density, odder
Physical change:
a material stays the same, but its form appears to have changed
o Melting,
boiling, bending
Chemical properties:
properties only observed or measured by changing the chemical identity of a
sample of matter
Chemical change:
when a substance changes to one or more new substances
o Burning
wood, formation of a gas/solid
Luster: shinny
and reflect light
Ductile: can be
drawn into wires
Metals: a
material possessing such as luster, ductility, conductivity, and malleability
o Iron
(Fe), tin (Sn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)
Nonmetals: a
material possessing properties such as brightness, lack of luster, and nonconductivity;
nonmetals are often insulators
o Carbon
(C) and oxygen (O)
Metalloids: a
material with properties intermediate between those of metal and nonmetals
o Silicon
(Si) and germanium (Ge)
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Heavy-metal ions: their atoms have
greater masses than those of essential metallic elements, and can be harmful to
humans or other organisms
o Lead
o Mercury
Green Chemistry: design that
prevents pollution by eliminating the production and use of hazardous
substances, related to heavy metal pollution
o To prevent heavy
metals from getting into water à producing and
using alternate materials that do not contain theses ions
pH scale: a way to measure
and report the acidic, basic, or chemically neutral character of a solution
o Solution with pH
values lower than 7 = Acidic
o Solutions with pH
value greater than 7 = Basic
Alkaline: another name for
a basic solution. Contains an excess of hydroxide ions (OH-)
Acids: ions or compounds
that produce hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in
water
o Hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
Bases: ions or compounds
that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) ions when dissolved in water
o Sodium hydroxide
(NaOH)
Chemically
neutral: a substance that displays neither acidic nor basic characteristics
Molecular
substances: a substance composed of molecules
o H2O
o CH4
Electronegativity: the ability of an
elements atom to attract shared electrons when bonding within a compound
(difference in electron attraction)
“like dissolves
like”: the pattern or solubility behavior- polar substances dissolve in polar
solvents and nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents
Insoluble: refers to substances
that are very, very slightly soluble in water
Gas-bubble trauma: when the total
amount of dissolved gases (oxygen and nitrogen) reaches a state of
supersaturation
o Causes gas bubbles
to form in the blood and tissue of fish
C.4 + C.6 Vocabulary
Particulate level-
atomic and molecular phenomena that cannot be easily observed
Polar molecule- a
molecule with regions of partial positive and negative charge resulting from
the uneven distribution of electrical charge
Concentration-
refers to how much solute is dissolved in a specific quantity of a solvent or
solution
Percent- another
way to express concentration
Parts per million
(ppm)- an expression of concentration; the number of units of solute found in
one billion units of solution
Parts per billion
(ppb)- an expression of concentration; the number of units of solute found in
one billion units of a solution
Unit 1 C.1- C.2
Vocabulary
Saturated- is when a
solvent has dissolved as much solute as it can retain at a specific
temperature, and therefore the solute settles at the bottom of the container
because it cant dissolve anymore; even stirring the mixture will not make the
crystals dissolve
Solubility- the
maximum quality of a substance that will dissolve in a certain quality of water
(solvent) to form a saturated solution at a specific temperature
Saturated solution-
a solution in which the solvent contains as much dissolved solute as it
normally can at that temperature (maxed out amount)
Unsaturated solution-
a solution that contains less dissolved solute than the amount that the
solvent can normally hold at that temperature
Supersaturated
solution- an unstable solution; that contains more solute than can normally
be dissolved at that temperature
o Heat
up a solvent, then cool it down and slightly tap the beaker or add a drop of a
chemical à
solid forms
Precipitate- when
the extra solute appears as solid crystals and settles to the bottom of the
beaker
Unit 1 B.8- B.11 Vocabulary
Protons- positively
charged particles
Electrons- negatively
charged particles
Electron cloud- a
group of electrons (negative charge) revolving around the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons- electrically
neutral particles
Ions- electrically
charged atoms or groups of atoms
Ionic compounds- substances
that are composed of positive and negative ions
o always
neutral because positive and negative electrical charges offset each other
Crystal- NaCl consists
of positive and negative ions arranged in a three- dimensional network
o in
solids, ionic compounds (table salt) ions are held together in crystals by
attractions among negative and positive charges
Anion- negatively
charged ion
Cation- positively
charged ion
Polyatomic ion- an
ion consisting of a group of bonded atoms
Confirming tests- tests
that confirms that ions are present
Precipitate- insoluble
solid substance that has separated from a solution
Qualitative tests- tests
that identify the presence or absence of a particular substance in a sample
Quantitative tests- determines
the amount of a specific substance present in a sample
Reference solution- a
solution of known composition used as a comparison
Unit 1B.5- B.6 Vocabulary list
Macroscopic- a
world filed with large scale (macro) readily observed things
Models-
representations of atoms and molecules
Chemical symbols-
an abbreviation of an element’s name.
- Such as N for nitrogen
- Fe for iron
Periodic table of
elements- where elements are organized
Chemical formula-
a symbolic expression representing the elements contained in a substance,
together with subscripts that indicate the relative numbers of atoms of each
element
Subscript- the
number printed below the normal line of letters; indicates how many atoms of
the element there are
- For example: H2O, the subscript 2 indicates the total of H atoms
Chemical equations-
chemical sentence; a symbolic expression summarizing a chemical reaction
- 2H2(g) + O2(g) à 2H2O(g)
Chemical reactions-
the process of forming new substances from reactants that involves the breaking
and forming of chemical bonds
Reactants- starting
materials in a chemical reaction
Products-
substances formed in a chemical reaction
Diatomic Molecules-
a molecule made up of two atoms (two bonded atoms of the same element)
- chlorine gas- Cl2
- hydrogen gas- H2
- Oxygen gas- O2
Unit 1 B.1-B.4 Vocabulary List
Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass
Physical properties- properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance
Density- mass of a material within a given volume (m/v)
Freezing point- temperature at which water transforms from a liquid into a solid
Aqueous solution- a water-based solution
Mixture- result when 2 or more substances combine, and yet they keep their individual properties
Heterogeneous mixture- mixture that is not the same, or uniform, throughout
Suspension- (heterogeneous) if the solid particles are large enough to settle out or can be separated by using filtration
Tyndall effect- the scattering of light once it is shone through a sample of purified water
Colloid- heterogeneous mixture where small, solid particles are still in the water
Homogeneous mixture- mixture that is the same, or uniform, throughout
Solution- always homogeneous mixtures
Solute- dissolved substance (salt)
Solvent- the dissolving agent (water)
Particulate level- the level of atoms and molecules
Atoms- are building blocks of matter
Elements- matter that is made up of only one kind of atom
Compound- a substance that is composed of the atoms of two or more elements linked together chemically in certain fixed proportions
Chemical Formulas- a symbolic expression representing the elements contained in a substance, together with the subscripts that indicate the relative numbers of atoms of each element
Substance- an element or a compound; a material with a uniform, definite composition and distinct properties
Molecule- the smallest unit of a molecular compound that retains the properties of that substance
Unit 1A Vocabulary List
Filtration- process where solid particles are separated from a liquid by
passing the mixture through a funnel (holds back the solid particles and allows
the liquid to pass through)
Filtrate- liquid collected after it has been filtered
Percent recovery- percent of the original foul water sample that recovered
as purified water
Purified water- water in its most natural, or clean state
Histogram- graph showing the data that different groups collected in a lab
experiment
Range- the difference
between the largest and smallest numbers in a data set
Average- sum of all values divided by the sum of the total number of
values (also referred to as the mean)
Median- middle value of a
data set
Electrical conductivity- test that focuses on the presence of dissolved, electrically
charged particles in the water
Hydrochloric (water) cycle- the cycle that water goes through as it first evaporates from a
body of water and turns into a gas, then falls as some form of precipitation
(rain or snow), and after becomes either a form of ground water or surface
runoff back into the body of water
Direct water use- water use that can be directly measured
Indirect water use- hidden uses of water that may never have been considered
Gaseous state- form of water (water vapor)
Liquid state- form of water (liquid in lakes, rivers, oceans, clouds, rain)
Solid state- form of water (ice)
Surface water- water supply that originated in a river or other body of water
Groundwater- water supply that originated in a well
Aquifer- a water-bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel
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